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| The principal economic sources of rare earths are the minerals bastnasite, monazite, and loparite and the lateritic ion-adsorption clays. The rare earths are a relatively abundant group of 17 elements composed of scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides. The elements range in crustal abundance from cerium, the 25th most abundant element of the 78 common elements in the Earth's crust at 60 parts per million, to thulium and lutetium, the least abundant rare-earth elements at about 0.5 part per million. The elemental forms of rare earths are iron gray to silvery lustrous metals that are typically soft, malleable, and ductile and usually reactive, especially at elevated temperatures or when finely divided. The rare earths' unique properties are used in a wide variety of applications. |
Publications
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Annual Publications
- Rare Earths
PDF Format:
| 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |2012 |2013 |2014 |2015 |2016 |2017 |2018 | - Yttrium
PDF Format:
| 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |2013 |2014 |2015 |2016 |2017 |2018 | - Appendixes
- Rare Earths
PDF Format:
| 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 |
XLS Format:
| 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | - Archive
| 1932-1993 |
Special Publications
- Byproduct Metals and Rare-Earth Elements Used in the Production of Light-Emitting Diodes—Overview of Principal Sources of Supply and Material Requirements for Selected Markets
Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5215 - China's Rare-Earth Industry
Open-File Report 2011-1042 - Critical Mineral Resources of the United States--Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply
Professional Paper 1802 -
Deposit Model for Heavy-Mineral Sands in Coastal Environments
Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5070–L - Factors That Influence the Price of Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Rare Earth Elements, and Zn
Open-File Report 2008-1356 - Global Rare Earth Oxide (REO) Production Trends (PDF)
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Coastal Deposits of Heavy mineral Sands; Global Significance and U.S. Resources
Mining Engineering, v. 68, no. 10, p. 36-43 - Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States
Data Series 140 -
Metal Prices in the United States through 2010
Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5188 - Potential for Recovery of Cerium Contained in Automotive Catalytic Converters
Open-File Report 2013-1037 - Preliminary Estimates of the Quantities of Rare-Earth Elements Contained in Selected Products and in Imports of Semimanufactured Products to the United States, 2010
Open–File Report 2013–1072 - Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences
Open-File Report 02-189 - Principal Rare Earth Elements Deposits of the United States—A Summary of Domestic Deposits and a Global Perspective
Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5220 - Rare Earth Elements—Critical Resources for High Technology
FS-087-02 - Rare Earth Elements—End Use and Recyclability
Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5094 - The Rare-Earth Elements—Vital to Modern Technologies and Lifestyles
Fact Sheet 2014–3078 - Statistical Compendium
Contact
- USGS Mineral Commodity Specialist
Joseph Gambogi
Phone: 703-648-7718
Fax: 703-648-7975
Email: jgambogi@usgs.gov
